Precision medicine is a burgeoning field and has the potential to aid diagnosis and tailor treatment for the individual patient. Professor Charles Nemeroff (Dell Medical School, Texas, USA) discussed current problems with predicting antidepressant response and the future promise of pharmacogenomics and neurophysiology in this APA 2022 session.
Early effective treatment is important
Precision medicine may seem a long way off in the clinic. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders relies on symptom criteria for diagnosis, whilst clinicians are aware of the many different combinations of symptoms and responses to treatment seen in their patients. Psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) are heterogenous1, especially once genetic risk variants2 and comorbid conditions3 are considered.
Suboptimal treatment response prolongs the period of depression
Early effective treatment is important as a suboptimal response prolongs the period of depression. This is associated with worse outcomes including increased risk of relapse4 and decreased ability to work5. Depression also worsens outcomes of many general medical conditions6 with the associated personal and societal costs.
Can we predict antidepressant response?
Knowledge of the MDD subtype can already help to guide treatment, for example adding an antipsychotic or electroconvulsive therapy for psychotic depression. The holy grail is being able to predict which is the best first line antidepressant for a particular patient and their constellation of symptoms, comorbidities and risk factors rather than resort to trial and error.
Certain clinical and demographic factors have been shown to predict antidepressant response
Data from the STAR*D study (Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression)7 showed that only 33% of patients achieved remission after first line treatment. The remission rate increased with subsequent steps, but there was diminished effectiveness and increased treatment intolerance with each treatment level.
Certain clinical and demographic factors have been shown to predict antidepressant response including depression severity8, gender7, and childhood trauma9, but there is little known about the mechanisms or modification targets.
Pharmacogenomics in psychiatry
Precision psychiatry would allow the treatment most likely to have the highest drug effect based on genetic profiling and stratification. This is being used in other areas of medicine, including breast cancer treatment based on oestrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status10.
Antidepressant response maybe associated with norepinephrine transporter and corticotropin-releasing factor system genetic polymorphisms
Studies have suggested that antidepressant response maybe associated with norepinephrine transporter11 and corticotropin-releasing factor system12 genetic polymorphisms. Commercial tests are available to guide drug response in various psychiatric conditions based on serotonin transporter and calcium channel mutations.
The future
"Although specific genetic variants have been associated with conditions such as MDD", Prof Nemeroff suggested there is still insufficient data to support the widespread use of combinatorial pharmacogenetic testing in clinical practice13. The FDA have issued a warning regarding the use of genetic tests to predict patient response to specific medications14, although some specific examples such as use of cytochrome P-450 status to aid psychiatric drug dose adjustment maybe useful15.
Still insufficient data to support the widespread use of combinatorial pharmacogenetic testing
Prof Nemeroff concluded by discussing the use of functional imaging16 and neurophysiology17in this area, moving from focusing on neurotransmitters to a circuit-based model. Electroencephalography is showing some promise on both the group and single-subject level to predict antidepressant response versus placebo18, allowing the balance between mechanistic information and clinical utility.
USA : United States of America
APA : Americain Psychiatric Association
MDD : Major Depressive Disorder
STAR*D : Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression
FDA : Food and drug administration
BE-NOTPR-0191, approval date : 09.2022
